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Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modified with Carbon Quantum Nanodots for the Stabilization of Palladium Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Suzuki Reaction in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions
Author(s) -
Gholinejad Mohammad,
Seyedhamzeh Mohammad,
Razeghi Mehran,
Najera Carmen,
KompanyZareh Mohsen
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
chemcatchem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.497
H-Index - 106
eISSN - 1867-3899
pISSN - 1867-3880
DOI - 10.1002/cctc.201500925
Subject(s) - catalysis , aryl , aqueous solution , palladium , nanoparticle , suzuki reaction , x ray photoelectron spectroscopy , chemistry , inorganic chemistry , nanodot , coupling reaction , materials science , chemical engineering , organic chemistry , nanotechnology , alkyl , engineering
Abstract Magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with carbon dots (C‐dots) that contain carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups were synthesized successfully and used for the reduction of Pd II and the formation of Pd NPs. The new material was characterized by SEM, TEM, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, solid UV spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, XRD, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and was used as a very efficient catalyst in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides with arylboronic acids in aqueous media. Design of experiments indicates that the use of 0.22 mol % of Pd, K 2 CO 3 as the base, and aqueous ethanol are the best reaction conditions. The reactions of aryl bromides take place at room temperature, and aryl chlorides react at 80 °C. The easily synthesized and air‐stable catalyst Pd@C‐dots@Fe 3 O 4 NPs could be separated from the reaction mixture by using an external magnet and reused in eight consecutive runs with no significant loss of catalytic activity.