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Network latency and long‐distance robotic telestenting: Exploring the potential impact of network delays on telestenting performance
Author(s) -
Madder Ryan D.,
VanOosterhout Stacie,
Mulder Abbey,
Bush Jared,
Martin Samuel,
Rash Adam J.,
Tan Jose Mariano,
Parker Jessica L.,
Kalafut Andrew,
Li Yao,
Kottenstette Nicholas,
Bergman Per,
Nowak Brent
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
catheterization and cardiovascular interventions
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.988
H-Index - 116
eISSN - 1522-726X
pISSN - 1522-1946
DOI - 10.1002/ccd.28425
Subject(s) - latency (audio) , medicine , ex vivo , in vivo , significant difference , audiology , computer science , telecommunications , microbiology and biotechnology , biology
Objective This study evaluated the impact of network latency on telestenting performance. Background The feasibility of long‐distance robotic telestenting was recently demonstrated, yet the impact of network performance on telestenting remains unknown. Methods Ex vivo and in vivo telestenting models were constructed by connecting a robotic drive over a wired network to a robotic control system up to 103 miles away. During consecutive attempts to robotically wire a coronary artery, investigators randomly added signal latencies from 0 to 1,000 ms. Outcomes included wiring success, wiring time (time to advance wire to preselected target landmark), and perceived latency score (5 = imperceptible; 4 = noticeable but minor; 3 = noticeable; 2 = noticeable and major; 1 = unacceptable). Results Wiring success was achieved in 95 of 95 attempts in the ex vivo model and in 57 of 57 attempts in vivo. No significant difference in wiring time was observed across added latencies from 0 to 1,000 ms in the ex vivo ( p = .64) or in vivo ( p = .40) models. Compared to an added latency of 0 ms, perceived latency scores were not significantly different for added latencies of 150 and 250 ms ( p = NS for both), but were significantly lower for latencies ≥400 ms ( p < .001). Conclusions Added latencies up to 250 ms were not associated with perceived latency, but latencies ≥400 ms were perceptible. Based on these findings, future telestenting studies should utilize networks with latencies ≤250 ms if perceived latency is to be avoided.