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Calcitriol enhances fat synthesis factors and calpain activity in co‐cultured cells
Author(s) -
Choi Hyuck,
Myung Kyuho
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
cell biology international
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.932
H-Index - 77
eISSN - 1095-8355
pISSN - 1065-6995
DOI - 10.1002/cbin.10281
Subject(s) - calcitriol , endocrinology , medicine , calcitriol receptor , adiponectin , adipose tissue , leptin , tumor necrosis factor alpha , cytokine , chemistry , c2c12 , microbiology and biotechnology , biology , myocyte , vitamin d and neurology , insulin , myogenesis , insulin resistance , obesity
We have conducted an in vitro experiment to determine whether calcitriol can act as a fat synthesizer and/or meat tenderizer when skeletal muscle cells, adipose tissue, and macrophages are co‐cultured. When co‐cultured, pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) expression increased, whereas decreased anti‐inflammatory cytokine (IL‐10 and IL‐15) expression decreased in both C2C12 and 3T3‐L1 cells. Calcitriol increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the media. While adiponectin gene expression decreased, leptin, resistin, CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein‐beta (C/EBP‐β), and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ) gene expression was significantly ( P < 0.047) increased with calcitriol in 3T3‐L1 cells co‐cultured with two different cell types. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels were also stimulated in the C2C12 and 3T3‐L1 cells, but arginase l was attenuated by calcitriol. Cacitriol highly amplified ( P = 0.008) µ‐calpain gene expression in co‐cultured C2C12 cells. The results showed an overall increase in pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in anti‐inflammatory cytokines of C2C12 and 3T3‐L1 cells with calcitriol in co‐culture systems. µ‐Calpain protein was also augmented in differentiated C2C12 cells with calcitriol. These findings suggest that calcitriol can be used as not only fat synthesizer, but meat tenderizer, in meat‐producing animals.