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1,8‐Naphthalimide Derivative Dyes with Large Stokes Shifts for Targeting Live‐Cell Mitochondria
Author(s) -
Zhang Liqiang,
Su Fengyu,
Kong Xiangxing,
Lee Fred,
Sher Steven,
Day Kevin,
Tian Yanqing,
Meldrum Deirdre R.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
chembiochem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.05
H-Index - 126
eISSN - 1439-7633
pISSN - 1439-4227
DOI - 10.1002/cbic.201600169
Subject(s) - fluorophore , stokes shift , organelle , fluorescence , mitochondrion , biocompatibility , chemistry , cytotoxicity , biophysics , cell , combinatorial chemistry , biochemistry , biology , organic chemistry , in vitro , physics , optics
An ideal fluorescent dye for staining cell organelles should have multiple properties including specificity, stability, biocompatibility, and a large Stokes shift. Tunable photophysical properties enable 1,8‐naphthalimide to serve as an excellent fluorophore in biomedical applications. Many naphthalimide derivatives have been developed into drugs, sensors, and other dyes. In this study, a series of 1,8‐naphthalimide derivatives targeting live cell mitochondria were synthesized. Among these probes, Mt‐4 was characterized as the best one, with highly specific mitochondrial localization, low cytotoxicity, and a large Stokes shift. More importantly, Mt‐4 stood out as a potential mitochondrial dye for living‐cell experiments involving induced mitochondrial stress arising from the treatments because Mt‐4 shows enhanced fluorescence in mitochondrial stress situations.