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Investigations into the Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Self‐Resistance of Toxoflavin in Pseudomonas protegens Pf‐5
Author(s) -
Philmus Benjamin,
Shaffer Brenda T.,
Kidarsa Teresa A.,
Yan Qing,
Raaijmakers Jos M.,
Begley Tadhg P.,
Loper Joyce E.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
chembiochem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.05
H-Index - 126
eISSN - 1439-7633
pISSN - 1439-4227
DOI - 10.1002/cbic.201500247
Subject(s) - pseudomonas , biology , burkholderia , biosynthesis , pseudomonas syringae , paenibacillus polymyxa , bacteria , microbiology and biotechnology , biochemistry , gene , genetics
Abstract Pseudomonas spp. are prolific producers of natural products from many structural classes. Here we show that the soil bacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf‐5 is capable of producing trace levels of the triazine natural product toxoflavin ( 1 ) under microaerobic conditions. We evaluated toxoflavin production by derivatives of Pf‐5 with deletions in specific biosynthesis genes, which led us to propose a revised biosynthetic pathway for toxoflavin that shares the first two steps with riboflavin biosynthesis. We also report that toxM , which is not present in the well‐characterized cluster of Burkholderia glumae , encodes a monooxygenase that degrades toxoflavin. The toxoflavin degradation product of ToxM is identical to that of TflA, the toxoflavin lyase from Paenibacillus polymyxa . Toxoflavin production by P. protegens causes inhibition of several plant‐pathogenic bacteria, and introduction of toxM into the toxoflavin‐sensitive strain Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 results in resistance to toxoflavin.