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Identification of the First Diphenyl Ether Gene Cluster for Pestheic Acid Biosynthesis in Plant Endophyte Pestalotiopsis fici
Author(s) -
Xu Xinxin,
Liu Ling,
Zhang Fan,
Wang Wenzhao,
Li Jinyang,
Guo Liangdong,
Che Yongsheng,
Liu Gang
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
chembiochem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.05
H-Index - 126
eISSN - 1439-7633
pISSN - 1439-4227
DOI - 10.1002/cbic.201300626
Subject(s) - gene cluster , biosynthesis , polyketide , biochemistry , polyketide synthase , diphenyl ether , biology , gene , endophyte , ether , chemistry , organic chemistry , botany
The diphenyl ether pestheic acid was isolated from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici , which is proposed to be the biosynthetic precursor of the unique chloropupukeananes. The pestheic acid biosynthetic gene ( pta ) cluster was identified in the fungus through genome scanning. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene cluster encodes a nonreducing polyketide synthase, a number of modification enzymes, and three regulators. Gene disruption and intermediate analysis demonstrated that the biosynthesis proceeded through formation of the polyketide backbone, cyclization of a polyketo acid to a benzophenone, chlorination, and formation of the diphenyl ether skeleton through oxidation and hydrolyzation. A dihydrogeodin oxidase gene, ptaE , was essential for diphenyl ether formation, and ptaM encoded a flavin‐dependent halogenase catalyzing chlorination in the biosynthesis. Identification of the pta cluster laid the foundation to decipher the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in the pathway.