Composition and Bioactivity of Lipophilic Metabolites from Needles and Twigs of Korean and Siberian Pines ( Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc . and Pinus sibirica Du Tour )

Lipophilic extractive metabolites in different parts of the shoot system (needles and defoliated twigs) of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis , and Siberian pine, Pinus sibirica , were studied by GC / MS . Korean pine needles comprised mainly bornyl p ‐coumarate, heterocyclic 15‐ O ‐functionalized labdane type acids (lambertianic acid), 10‐nonacosanol, sterols and their esters. While Siberian pine needles contained less bornyl p ‐coumarate, lambertianic acid, sterols and their esters, but were richer in other 15‐ O ‐functionalized labdane type acids. The major components of the twig extract of P . koraiensis were lambertianic acid, abietane and isopimarane type acids, cembrane type alcohols, 8‐ O ‐functionalized labdanoids, sterols, sterol esters, and acylglycerols. The same extract of P . sibirica differed in larger amounts of other 15‐ O ‐functionalized labdane type acids and pinolenic acid glycerides, but in less quantities of cembranoids and 8‐ O ‐functionalized labdanoids. The labdane type pinusolic acid was detected for the first time in Korean pine. P . koraiensis was found to be unique in the genus for an ability to synthesize phyllocladane diterpenoids. The content of bound Δ 5 ‐unsaturated polymethylene‐interrupted fatty acids in the twig extracts of the both pines was similar or superior to that in their seed oil. Among the pines’ metabolites tested isocembrol was strongest in inhibition of both α ‐glucosidase ( IC 50 2.9 μg/ml) and NO production in activated macrophages ( IC 50 3.6 μg/ml).