Constructive approach for smoke plume animation using turbulent toroidal vortices

In this paper, we propose an efficient approach for generating plausible smoke animation at interactive rates. Among a wide range of smoke animation approaches, our proposed approach simulates the behavior of gaseous phenomena such as turbulent smoke from a steam locomotive. Our method uses existing techniques for simulating smoke animation based on a particle system and extends them by introducing a simple yet efficient toroidal vortex to describe a more complex and turbulent behavior. The key idea is that vortex flows generated by torus‐type smoke primitives are passively advected in a wind field to describe the turbulent flow of smoke.