Fibroblast growth factor signaling and inhibition in non‐small cell lung cancer and their role in squamous cell tumors

With the introduction of targeted agents primarily applicable to non‐small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) of adenocarcinoma histology, there is a heightened unmet need in the squamous cell carcinoma population. Targeting the angiogenic fibroblast growth factor ( FGF )/ FGF receptor ( FGFR ) signaling pathway is among the strategies being explored in squamous NSCLC ; these efforts are supported by growth‐promoting effects of FGF signaling in preclinical studies (including interactions with other pathways) and observations suggesting that FGF / FGFR ‐related aberrations may be more common in squamous versus adenocarcinoma and other histologies. A number of different anti‐ FGF / FGFR approaches have shown promise in preclinical studies. Clinical trials of two multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors are restricting enrollment to patients with squamous NSCLC : a phase I/ II trial of nintedanib added to first‐line gemcitabine/cisplatin and a phase II trial of ponatinib for previously treated advanced disease, with the latter requiring not only squamous disease but also a confirmed FGFR kinase amplification or mutation. There are several ongoing clinical trials of multitargeted agents in general NSCLC populations, including but not limited to patients with squamous disease. Other FGF / FGFR ‐targeted agents are in earlier clinical development. While results are awaited from these clinical investigations in squamous NSCLC and other disease settings, additional research is needed to elucidate the role of FGF / FGFR signaling in the biology of NSCLC of different histologies.