Protein microarray analysis identifies key cytokines associated with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction

We aimed to explore potential cytokines involved in the malignant middle cerebral artery infarction ( MMI ) and elucidate their underlying regulatory mechanisms. Methods We first developed a cytokine profile by Quantibody ® Human Cytokine Antibody Array7000 using serum samples from eight patients with MMI and eight patients with non‐acute cerebral infarction ( NACI ). The differentially expressed cytokines were then identified in patients with MMI using two‐tailed Student's t ‐test and Fisher's Exact Test compared with patients with NACI . Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using DAVID . Protein–protein interaction ( PPI ) network was constructed based on STRING database. Results A total of 10 differentially expressed cytokines were identified from 320 unique inflammatory cytokines in serums. Among them, four cytokines, like NCAM 1 (neural cell adhesion molecule 1), IGFBP ‐6 (insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 6), LYVE 1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1), and LCN 2 (Lipocalin2), were up‐regulated, while another six cytokines, such as TGFB 1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1, also known as LAP ), EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGFA (platelet‐derived growth factor alpha polypeptide), MMP ‐10 (matrix metallopeptidase 10), IL ‐27 (interleukin 27), and CCL 2 (chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor 2), were down‐regulated. Moreover, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway was significantly enriched. Conclusions Our findings indicate that 10 differentially expressed cytokines, such as NCAM 1, LCN 2, IGFBP‐6, LYVE1, MMP‐10, IL‐27, PDGFA , EGF , CCL 2, and TGFB 1 may participate in the development of MMI . Moreover, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway may be an important mechanism involved in this disease. These differentially expressed cytokines may serve as diagnostic biomarkers or drug targets for MMI .