Light‐harvesting function of carotenoids in photo‐synthesis: The roles of the newly found 1 1 B u − state

This minireview article highlights the energetics and the dynamics of the 1 1 B   u −and 3 1 A   g −states of carotenoids discovered very recently. Those “hidden” covalent states have been revealed by measurements of resonance‐Raman excitation profiles of crystalline carotenoids. The dependence of the energies of the low‐lying singlet states, including the 1 1 B   u + , 3 1 A   g − , 1 1 B   u − , and 2 1 A   g −states, on the number of conjugated double bonds ( n ) is in agreement with the extrapolation of those state energies calculated by Tavan and Schulten for shorter polyenes (P. Tavan and K. Schulten, Journal of Chemical Physics, 1986, vol. 85, pp. 6602–6609). It has also been shown that the internal‐conversion processes among those singlet states take place in accord with the state ordering, i.e., 1 1 B   u +→ 1 1 B   u −→ 2 1 A   g −→ 1 1 A   g −(the ground state) for carotenoids having n = 9 and 10, whereas 1 1 B   u +→ 3 1 A   g −→ 1 1 B   u −→ 2 1 A   g −→ 1 1 A   g −for carotenoids having n = 11–13. Radiative transitions of 1 1 B   u +→ 2 1 A   g −and 1 1 B   u −→ 2 1 A   g −as well as a branching into the triplet manifold of 1 1 B   u −→ 1 3 A g → 1 3 B u have also been found. Those low‐lying singlet states of all‐ trans carotenoids can facilitate multiple channels of singlet‐energy transfer to bacteriochlorophyll in the LH2 antenna complexes of purple photosynthetic bacteria. Thus, the newly found 1 1 B   u −and 3 1 A   g −states of carotenoids need to be incorporated into the picture of carotenoid‐to‐bacteriochlorophyll singlet‐energy transfer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004