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Pyrazines: Synthesis and Industrial Application of these Valuable Flavor and Fragrance Compounds
Author(s) -
Mortzfeld Frederik B.,
Hashem Chiam,
Vranková Kvetoslava,
Winkler Margit,
Rudroff Florian
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
biotechnology journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.144
H-Index - 84
eISSN - 1860-7314
pISSN - 1860-6768
DOI - 10.1002/biot.202000064
Subject(s) - flavor , extraction (chemistry) , food science , chemistry , biomass (ecology) , fermentation , microbiology and biotechnology , biochemical engineering , organic chemistry , biology , agronomy , engineering
Alkyl pyrazines—other than being extracted from various natural sources such as coffee beans, cocoa beans, and vegetables—can be synthesized by chemical methods or by certain microorganisms. The importance of pyrazines for the food industry is expected to grow in the upcoming years due to the higher demand for convenience products. The roasty, nutty, and earthy smell is reminiscent of coffee and cocoa, depending on substitution and concentration of pyrazines. The growing awareness of people about the ingredients and the origin of their daily food has strongly influenced the market with labels like “organic” and “natural.” Many flavor ingredients prepared by biotechnological methods have conquered the market recently and are destined to replace the ineffective (0.01% pyrazine kg −1 biomass) extraction from plants or animal sources. This review focuses on the achievements and challenges in pyrazine synthesis. The major part deals with an overview of methods such as the extraction of natural products, the chemical and biocatalytic synthesis, and fermentation by microorganisms. The different types of production are decisive for the declaration and value of the final product and span from 200–3500 US$ kg −1 for the synthetically produced or the naturally extracted 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, respectively.