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Salivary isoprostanes indicate increased oxidation injury in periodontitis with additional tobacco abuse
Author(s) -
Wolfram Roswitha M.,
Budinsky Alexandra C.,
Eder Andreas,
Presenhuber Christiane,
Nell Andrea,
Sperr Wolfgang,
Sinzinger Helmut
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
biofactors
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.204
H-Index - 94
eISSN - 1872-8081
pISSN - 0951-6433
DOI - 10.1002/biof.5520280103
Subject(s) - medicine , oxidative stress , saliva , context (archaeology) , periodontitis , nicotine , chronic periodontitis , cotinine , inflammation , isoprostanes , physiology , gastroenterology , endocrinology , lipid peroxidation , biology , paleontology
Isoprostanes (IPs) are indicators of in‐vivo oxidative stress, and have been successfully used as markers for chronic inflammatory processes. The presence of chronic periodontal disease and cigarette smoking has been individually linked to the development of atherosclerosis, yet data regarding oxidative stress in this context are not available yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of the salivary prostaglandins (PGs) 8‐epi‐PGF 2α , 6‐oxo‐PGF 1α , thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ) and PGF 2α in association with periodontal disease status with and without additional cigarette smoking. We analyzed saliva samples from 121 adults, (aged 21–73 years, 90 non‐smokers, 31 smokers) for levels of 8‐epi‐PGF 2α , 6‐oxo‐PGF 1α , TXB 2 and PGF 2α . On the basis of periodontal disease indices the periodontal status of each subject was assessed and outcomes were then correlated with smoking status and laboratory findings. Salivary 8‐epi‐PGF 2α levels increased with deteriorating plaque index, and were significantly higher (115.5 ± 23.5 pg/ml) in smoking individuals, when compared to non‐smokers (70.2 ± 20.4 pg/ml, p<0.0001). In addition, smokers showed higher TXB 2 and PGF 2α s and lower 6‐oxo‐PGF 1α levels p<0.0001). Oxidative stress, as reflected by elevated salivary 8‐epi‐PGF 2α levels, is associated with the extent of periodontal disease and is significantly aggravated by concomitant tobacco abuse. Chronic inflammation and smoking have been individually associated with the development of atherosclerosis. The results of this study indicate that: 1) salivary IPs can reliably assess the degree of oxidative stress, and: 2) smoking and periodontal disease are two modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, able to potentiate each other.