Premium
Accounting for variation in and overuse of antibiotics among humans
Author(s) -
Blaser Martin J.,
Melby Melissa K.,
Lock Margaret,
Nichter Mark
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
bioessays
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.175
H-Index - 184
eISSN - 1521-1878
pISSN - 0265-9247
DOI - 10.1002/bies.202000163
Subject(s) - antibiotics , commodity , antibiotic stewardship , business , perspective (graphical) , stewardship (theology) , accounting , intensive care medicine , medicine , marketing , antibiotic resistance , finance , political science , biology , artificial intelligence , politics , computer science , law , microbiology and biotechnology
Worldwide, antibiotic use is increasing, but many infections against which antibiotics are applied are not even caused by bacteria. Over‐the‐counter and internet sales preclude physician oversight. Regional differences, between and within countries highlight many potential factors influencing antibiotic use. Taking a systems perspective that considers pharmaceutical commodity chains, we examine antibiotic overuse from the vantage point of both sides of the therapeutic relationship. We examine patterns and expectations of practitioners and patients, institutional policies and pressures, the business strategies of pharmaceutical companies and distributors, and cultural drivers of variation. Solutions to improve antibiotic stewardship include practitioners taking greater responsibility for their antibiotic prescribing, increasing the role of caregivers as diagnosticians rather than medicine providers, improving their communication to patients about antibiotic treatment consequences, lessening the economic influences on prescribing, and identifying antibiotic alternatives.