Premium
Phase Separation and Transcription Regulation: Are Super‐Enhancers and Locus Control Regions Primary Sites of Transcription Complex Assembly?
Author(s) -
Gurumurthy Aishwarya,
Shen Yong,
Gunn Eliot M.,
Bungert Jörg
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
bioessays
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.175
H-Index - 184
eISSN - 1521-1878
pISSN - 0265-9247
DOI - 10.1002/bies.201800164
Subject(s) - enhancer , rna polymerase ii , enhancer rnas , transcription (linguistics) , biology , promoter , locus control region , general transcription factor , transcription factor , transcription factor ii d , gene , genetics , microbiology and biotechnology , gene expression , linguistics , philosophy
It is proposed that the multiple enhancer elements associated with locus control regions and super‐enhancers recruit RNA polymerase II and efficiently assemble elongation competent transcription complexes that are transferred to target genes by transcription termination and transient looping mechanisms. It is well established that transcription complexes are recruited not only to promoters but also to enhancers, where they generate enhancer RNAs. Transcription at enhancers is unstable and frequently aborted. Furthermore, the Integrator and WD‐domain containing protein 82 mediate transcription termination at enhancers. Abortion and termination of transcription at the multiple enhancers of locus control regions and super‐enhancers provide a large pool of elongation competent transcription complexes. These are efficiently captured by strong basal promoter elements at target genes during transient looping interactions.