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The interplay between transcription factors and microRNAs in genome‐scale regulatory networks
Author(s) -
Martinez Natalia J.,
Walhout Albertha J. M.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
bioessays
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.175
H-Index - 184
eISSN - 1521-1878
pISSN - 0265-9247
DOI - 10.1002/bies.200800212
Subject(s) - biology , gene , microrna , computational biology , genetics , gene regulatory network , genome , regulation of gene expression , regulatory sequence , untranslated region , cis regulatory module , transcription factor , rna , gene expression , promoter
Metazoan genomes contain thousands of protein‐coding and non‐coding RNA genes, most of which are differentially expressed, i.e ., at different locations, at different times during development, or in response to environmental signals. Differential gene expression is achieved through complex regulatory networks that are controlled in part by two types of trans ‐regulators: transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). TFs bind to cis ‐regulatory DNA elements that are often located in or near their target genes, while miRNAs hybridize to cis ‐regulatory RNA elements mostly located in the 3′ untranslated region of their target mRNAs. Here, we describe how these trans ‐regulators interact with each other in the context of gene regulatory networks to coordinate gene expression at the genome‐scale level, and discuss future challenges of integrating these networks with other types of functional networks.