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Citrate transport and metabolism in mammalian cells
Author(s) -
Mycielska Maria E.,
Patel Ameet,
Rizaner Nahit,
Mazurek Maciej P.,
Keun Hector,
Patel Anup,
Ganapathy Vadivel,
Djamgoz Mustafa B. A.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
bioessays
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.175
H-Index - 184
eISSN - 1521-1878
pISSN - 0265-9247
DOI - 10.1002/bies.080137
Subject(s) - cytoplasm , citric acid cycle , metabolism , mitochondrion , biochemistry , cancer cell , transporter , citric acid , prostate cancer , microbiology and biotechnology , biology , chemistry , cancer , gene , genetics
Citrate, an organic trivalent anion, is a major substrate for generation of energy in most cells. It is produced in mitochondria and used either in the Krebs' cycle or released into cytoplasm through a specific mitochondrial carriers. Citrate can also be taken up from blood through different plasma membrane transporters. In the cytoplasm, citrate can be used ultimately for fatty acid synthesis, which is increased in cancer cells. Here, we review the ways in which citrate can be transported and discuss the changes in transport and metabolism that occur in cancer cells. The primary focus is on the prostate gland, which is known to produce and release large amounts of citrate during its normal secretory function. The significant changes that occur in citrate‐related metabolism and transport in prostate cancer are the second focus. This review strives to relate these mechanisms to molecular biology on the one hand and to clinical applications on the other.