Responses of 73 Ecologists Important in Developing the Foundations of Ecology: Summary of a 1952–59 and 1972 Survey

Many of the early leading ecologists, especially Americans, were surveyed (primarily between 1952 and 1959) to learn what (1) initially inspired an ecological interest, (2) stimulated a major career direction in ecology, and (3) was one’s major career accomplishment. Patterns of responses from 73 ecologists, primarily in their own words using their own typewriters, are summarized. Yale, Duke, Illinois, Michigan, Oxford, and Wisconsin are the most frequent primary institutions of respondents, who were initially not only concentrated in the U.S. Midwest, but also working in the Northeast, South, West, and abroad. The initial ecological stimulus of survey respondents was most reported as plants, between ages 9 and 11, and a parent. Victor Shelford, Henry Cowles, Edgar Transeau, and Stanley Cain were most mentioned as catalysts of a career direction. Also, the opportunity to teach or work in a new place, or reading a key publication(s), often inspired a career direction. The many early ecologists most frequently knew or interacted with H. Cowles, M. Buell, F. Clements, V. Shelford, S. Cain, and H. Oosting. The most frequent major accomplishments or contributions reported by a leading ecologist were analysis of the ecology, vegetation, or flora of a particular area; elucidated ecosystem, productivity, and nutrients; produced a book(s); furthered understanding of natural communities or vegetation; analyzed succession or vegetation dynamics; and established or ran an administrative unit or natural reserve. These survey response patterns are complemented by a wide range of specific responses by individuals. Selected unusual observations and experiences provide insight into the leading ecologists as people. A perspective provides key insights into the survey, the earliest phase of ecology and its later maturation, and environmental/social conditions affecting early ecologists and ecology.