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HIV protease inhibitors: garlic supplements and first‐pass intestinal metabolism impact on the therapeutic efficacy
Author(s) -
Berginc Katja,
Trdan Tina,
Trontelj Jurij,
Kristl Albin
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
biopharmaceutics and drug disposition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.419
H-Index - 58
eISSN - 1099-081X
pISSN - 0142-2782
DOI - 10.1002/bdd.730
Subject(s) - protease , pharmacology , protease inhibitor (pharmacology) , metabolism , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , pharmacokinetics , enzyme inhibitor , medicine , enzyme , chemistry , biochemistry , virology , antiretroviral therapy , viral load
Abstract Background/Aims . The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of first‐pass intestinal metabolism to therapeutic efficacy of antiretrovirals and to ascertain interaction mechanisms between garlic supplements (aged garlic extract) and HIV‐protease inhibitors. Methods . In vitro permeability through rat jejunum, Caco‐2 cell monolayers was determined and CYP3A4 metabolism studies were performed. Results . Saquinavir and darunavir efflux from enterocytes into gastrointestinal lumen significantly increased in the presence of aged garlic extract, whereas their CYP3A4 metabolism was inhibited. In the case of saquinavir a significant increase of its efflux was observed also in the presence of lower ritonavir doses. Because both drugs bound to different binding sites on P‐glycoprotein and/or multidrug resistance associated protein 2 than garlic phytochemicals or ritonavir, lower amounts of antiretrovirals were absorbed. Conclusions . The fractions of tested anti‐HIV drugs absorbed could decrease significantly during self‐medication with garlic supplements or ritonavir dose adjustments. Due to distinct saquinavir and darunavir preferences for binding sites on efflux transporters, the presence of other compounds (garlic phytochemicals, ritonavir), capable of influencing intestinal transporter–enzyme interplay, might lead to pharmacokinetic interactions observed in clinical studies and case reports with anti‐HIV drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.