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Normalization of doxorubicin release from graphene oxide: New approach for optimization of effective parameters on drug loading
Author(s) -
Hashemi Mohadeseh,
Yadegari Amir,
Yazdanpanah Ghasem,
Omidi Meisam,
Jabbehdari Sayena,
Haghiralsadat Fatemeh,
Yazdian Fatemeh,
Tayebi Lobat
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
biotechnology and applied biochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.468
H-Index - 70
eISSN - 1470-8744
pISSN - 0885-4513
DOI - 10.1002/bab.1487
Subject(s) - graphene , normalization (sociology) , doxorubicin , oxide , drug , chemistry , drug carrier , combinatorial chemistry , nanotechnology , materials science , computer science , pharmacology , biology , medicine , organic chemistry , surgery , chemotherapy , sociology , anthropology
Graphene oxide (GO) has been recently introduced as a suitable anticancer drug carrier, which could be loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) as a general chemotherapy agent. Herein, the attempts were made to optimize the effective parameters on both loading and release of DOX on GO. GO and GO–DOX were characterized using transition electron microscopy , zeta potential, Raman spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, loading and releasing behaviors of DOX on GO were studied in terms of different temperature and pH values. The primary optimized values of pH and temperature for best‐loaded amount of DOX were 8.9 and 309 K, respectively. Moreover, we found that the smallest amount of released DOX, in pH of cancer microenvironment (5.4), occurs when DOX had been previously loaded in pH 7.8 and 310 K. Although the highest amount of loaded DOX was in basic pH, the results of efficient release of DOX from the GO–DOX complex and also cellular toxicity assay revealed that the best pH for loading of DOX on GO was 7.8. Therefore, in addition to optimization of parameters for efficient loading of DOX on GO, this study suggested that normalization of a released drug compared with the amount of a loaded drug could be a new approach for optimization of drug loading on nanocarriers.