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Palladium Nanoparticles Immobilized on Individual Calcium Carbonate Plates Derived from Mussel Shell Waste: An Ecofriendly Catalyst for the Copper‐Free Sonogashira Coupling Reaction
Author(s) -
Saetan Trin,
Lertvachirapaiboon Chutiparn,
Ekgasit Sag,
Sukwattanasinitt Mongkol,
Wacharasindhu Sumrit
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
chemistry – an asian journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.18
H-Index - 106
eISSN - 1861-471X
pISSN - 1861-4728
DOI - 10.1002/asia.201700537
Subject(s) - palladium , catalysis , sonogashira coupling , copper , calcium carbonate , chemistry , chemical engineering , leaching (pedology) , nanoparticle , materials science , inorganic chemistry , metallurgy , nanotechnology , organic chemistry , geology , soil science , engineering , soil water
The conversion of waste into high‐value materials is considered an important sustainability strategy in modern chemical industries. A large volume of shell waste is generated globally from mussel cultivation. In this work, mussel shell waste ( Perna viridis ) is transformed into individual calcium carbonate plates (ICCPs) and is applied as a support for a heterogeneous catalyst. Palladium nanoparticles (3–6 nm) are deposited with an even dispersion on the ICCP surface, as demonstrated by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Using this system, Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions between aryl iodides and terminal acetylenes were accomplished in high yields with the use of 1 % Pd/ICCP in the presence of potassium carbonate without the use of any copper metal or external ligand. The Pd/ICCP catalyst could also be reused up to three times and activity over 90 % was maintained with negligible Pd‐metal leaching. This work demonstrates that mussel shell waste can be used as an inexpensive and effective support for metal catalysts in coupling reactions, as demonstrated by the successful performance of the Pd‐catalyzed, copper‐free Sonogashira cross‐coupling process.