Open‐access repositories worldwide, 2005–2012: Past growth, current characteristics, and future possibilities

This paper reviews the worldwide growth of open‐access ( OA ) repositories, 2005 to 2012, using data collected by the OpenDOAR project. Initial repository development was focused on N orth A merica, W estern E urope, and A ustralasia, particularly the U nited S tates, U nited K ingdom, G ermany, and A ustralia, followed by J apan. Since 2010, there has been repository growth in E ast A sia, S outh A merica, and E astern E urope, especially in T aiwan, B razil, and P oland. During the period, some countries, including F rance, I taly, and S pain, have maintained steady growth, whereas other countries, notably C hina and R ussia, have experienced limited growth. Globally, repositories are predominantly institutional, multidisciplinary and E nglish‐language based. They typically use open‐source OAI ‐compliant software but have immature licensing arrangements. Although the size of repositories is difficult to assess accurately, available data indicate that a small number of large repositories and a large number of small repositories make up the repository landscape. These trends are analyzed using innovation diffusion theory, which is shown to provide a useful explanatory framework for repository adoption at global, national, organizational, and individual levels. Major factors affecting both the initial development of repositories and their take‐up include IT infrastructure, cultural factors, policy initiatives, awareness‐raising activity, and usage mandates. Mandates are likely to be crucial in determining future repository development.