Autoantibodies to fibroblasts induce a proadhesive and proinflammatory fibroblast phenotype in patients with systemic sclerosis

Abstract Objective Fibroblasts play a major role in the development of systemic sclerosis (SSc), and the occurrence of serum autoantibodies reacting with fibroblast plasma membrane antigens in SSc has been reported. This study was undertaken to investigate whether IgG from SSc sera that react with human fibroblasts modulates the fibroblasts' function. Methods Sera from 69 patients with SSc (28 with limited cutaneous SSc [lcSSc] and 41 with diffuse cutaneous SSc [dcSSc]), 30 patients with sarcoidosis, and 50 matched healthy controls were examined. We evaluated antibody binding to human skin and lung fibroblasts by cell‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. We further investigated the ability of purified IgG to modulate 1) intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) expression, 2) U937 cell adhesion to fibroblasts, and 3) fibroblast steady‐state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), IL‐β, and IL‐6, and IL‐6 protein production. Results Of 69 SSc sera tested by cell‐based ELISA, 58% bound to normal skin and lung fibroblasts. The prevalence of binding was significantly higher in dcSSc than in lcSSc ( P < 0.05). Only IgG from SSc sera that were positive for antifibroblast antibody (AFA) induced a dose‐dependent up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 expression and IL‐6 production, enhancement of U937 cell adhesion, and increased levels of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 mRNA in fibroblasts. Up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 mediated by AFA IgG was inhibited by the addition of IL‐1 receptor antagonist, indicating an autocrine activation loop. Conclusion Our findings confirm the presence of AFAs in SSc sera and demonstrate, for the first time, that autoantibodies reacting with fibroblast surface molecules act as an extrinsic stimulus inducing fibroblast activation in vitro.