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Synthesis and Functional Investigations of Computer Designed Novel Cladribine‐Like Compounds for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Author(s) -
Yavuz Serkan,
Çetin Aysu,
Akdemir Atilla,
Doyduk Doğukan,
Dişli Ali,
Çelik Turgut Gurbet,
Şen Alaattin,
Yıldırır Yılmaz
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
archiv der pharmazie
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.468
H-Index - 61
eISSN - 1521-4184
pISSN - 0365-6233
DOI - 10.1002/ardp.201700185
Subject(s) - cladribine , apoptosis , raji cell , chemistry , dna damage , dna fragmentation , cell culture , cancer research , cell cycle , dna repair , ribonucleotide reductase , dna , microbiology and biotechnology , cell , gene , programmed cell death , biochemistry , biology , genetics , protein subunit
Cladribine ( 2‐CdA ) is used as an anti‐cancer drug but is currently studied as a potential treatment for use in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we computer designed, synthesized, and characterized two novel derivatives of 2‐CdA , K1–5d and K2–4c , and investigated their underlying mechanism of beneficial effect using the CCRF‐CEM and RAJI cell lines. For this purpose, we first determined their effect on MS and DNA damage and repair‐related gene expression profiles using custom arrays along with 2‐CdA treatment at non‐toxic doses. Then, we determined whether cells underwent apoptosis after treatment with 2‐CdA , K1–5d , and K2–4c in CCRF‐CEM and RAJI cells, using the DNA fragmentation assay. It was found that both derivatives modulated the expression of the pathway‐related genes that are important in inflammatory signaling, apoptosis, ATM/ATR, double‐strand break repair, and the cell cycle. Furthermore, 2‐CdA , K1–5d , and K2–4c significantly activated apoptosis in both cell lines. In summary, our data demonstrate that although both derivatives act as anti‐inflammatory and apoptotic agents, inducing the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and activating the ultimate tumor suppressor p53 in T and B lymphocytes, the K1–5d derivative has shown more promising activities for further studies.