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Alzheimer's Mechanisms in Ischemic Brain Degeneration
Author(s) -
Pluta Ryszard,
Ułamek Marzena,
Jabłoński Mirosław
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
the anatomical record: advances in integrative anatomy and evolutionary biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.678
H-Index - 62
eISSN - 1932-8494
pISSN - 1932-8486
DOI - 10.1002/ar.21018
Subject(s) - neurodegeneration , neuropathology , neuroscience , inflammation , amyloid precursor protein , amyloid (mycology) , alzheimer's disease , medicine , neuroprotection , presenilin , neuroinflammation , degeneration (medical) , dementia , disease , biology , pathology
There is increasing evidence for influence of Alzheimer's proteins and neuropathology on ischemic brain injury. This review investigates the relationships between β‐amyloid peptide, apolipoproteins, presenilins, tau protein, α‐synuclein, inflammation factors, and neuronal survival/death decisions in brain following ischemic episode. The interactions of these molecules and influence on β‐amyloid peptide synthesis and contribution to ischemic brain degeneration and finally to dementia are reviewed. Generation and deposition of β‐amyloid peptide and tau protein pathology are important key players involved in mechanisms in ischemic neurodegeneration as well as in Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence suggests that inflammatory process represents next component, which significantly contribute to degeneration progression. Although inflammation was initially thought to arise secondary to ischemic neurodegeneration, recent studies present that inflammatory mediators may stimulate amyloid precursor protein metabolism by upregulation of β‐secretase and therefore are able to establish a vicious cycle. Functional brain recovery after ischemic lesion was delayed and incomplete by an injury‐related increase in the amount of the neurotoxic C‐terminal of amyloid precursor protein and β‐amyloid peptide. Moreover, ischemic neurodegeneration is strongly accelerated with aging, too. New therapeutic alternatives targeting these proteins and repairing related neuronal changes are under development for the treatment of ischemic brain consequences including memory loss prevention. Anat Rec, 292:1863–1881, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.