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Tetraacylgermanes as highly efficient photoinitiators for visible light cured dimethacrylate resins and dental composites
Author(s) -
Moszner Norbert,
Fischer Urs Karl,
Lamparth Iris,
Fässler Pascal,
Radebner Judith,
Eibel Anna,
Haas Michael,
Gescheidt Georg,
Stueger Harald
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of applied polymer science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.575
H-Index - 166
eISSN - 1097-4628
pISSN - 0021-8995
DOI - 10.1002/app.46115
Subject(s) - reactivity (psychology) , materials science , photopolymer , composite material , photoinitiator , differential scanning calorimetry , absorption (acoustics) , chromophore , photochromism , polymer chemistry , chemistry , photochemistry , polymer , monomer , nanotechnology , medicine , alternative medicine , physics , pathology , thermodynamics
Tetrabenzoylgermane 1 and various substituted tetrabenzoylgermanes 2 – 7 were investigated as visible light (VL) photoinitiators (PIs) for dental dimethacrylate resins and dimethacrylate‐based composites. The tetrabenzoylgermanes 1 – 7 show a very strong VL absorption between 400 and 450 nm. Substituents on the benzoyl chromophore strongly influence their properties such as melting point, solubility, absorption behavior, or PI reactivity. A good photobleaching behavior and a very high reactivity as VL PI was found in photo‐differential scanning calorimeter experiments for selected tetrabenzoylgermanes. Composite pastes containing only ∼0.1 wt % of Ge‐PI exhibited a sufficient photocuring due to the high PI‐reactivity of the tetraacylgermanes. Among the investigated germane PIs, tetrakis(2‐methylbenzoyl)germane 2 shows the best performance as VL PI for restorative composites and enables the composites to be photocured using an LED with an emission maximum of 500 nm. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135 , 46115.