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ESCA and other morphological investigations of the brittle failure caused by an environmental stress cracking (ESC) of a HDPE milk crate
Author(s) -
Kulshreshtha A. K.,
Kaushik V. K.,
Pandey G. C.,
Chakrapani S.,
Sharma Y. N.
Publication year - 1989
Publication title -
journal of applied polymer science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.575
H-Index - 166
eISSN - 1097-4628
pISSN - 0021-8995
DOI - 10.1002/app.1989.070370307
Subject(s) - materials science , crate , brittleness , composite material , high density polyethylene , surface layer , environmental stress cracking , cracking , layer (electronics) , degradation (telecommunications) , polyethylene , alloy , stress corrosion cracking , mechanical engineering , telecommunications , computer science , engineering
The causes of a drastic reduction in the service life of a HDPE milk crate have been investigated. The mechanism and the type of crate failure have been deduced from a detailed morphological examination of its fracture surface as well as the interior. Various factors responsible for a rapid failure of the milk crate have been identified. An ESCA study of ESC of weathered milk crate surfaces revealed the presence of heavy oxidative degradation on the surface and a diffusion‐controlled oxidation mechanism being operative in successive inner layers. The brittleness of this surface layer and formation of sharp cracks therein have been exhibited in SEM micrographs. Optical micrographs clearly show the presence of a surface layer, formed due to degradation, which is nonspherulitic and thus identifiable from the bulk, which is imperfectly spherulitic. Evidence for a migration of polymer additives from bulk to the surface is provided by the ESCA data and the SEM micrographs. DSC thermogram of the microtomed surface layer reveals bimodal endothermic peaks attributed to two phases present in the surface layer—one original phase and the second being degradation‐induced. The formation of this brittle surface layer and its effect on the long‐term fracture performance of milk crates are discussed, and suggestions for improving their durability are given.