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Dye leveling in PET fibers. I. The effect of fiber morphology and carrier
Author(s) -
Simal Abigail Lisbão,
Bell James P.
Publication year - 1985
Publication title -
journal of applied polymer science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.575
H-Index - 166
eISSN - 1097-4628
pISSN - 0021-8995
DOI - 10.1002/app.1985.070300324
Subject(s) - disperse dye , dyeing , crystallinity , diffusion , thermal diffusivity , materials science , fiber , benzoic acid , composite material , polymer chemistry , synthetic fiber , acid dye , chemical engineering , polymer , chemistry , organic chemistry , thermodynamics , physics , engineering
Migration of dye from darker fibers to lighter ones was quantitively studied by placing fibers dyed to equilibrium with undyed ones in a common bath, measuring dye concentrations in the fibers as a function of time. 2X, 4X, and 6X fibers were heat‐set and boiled before the experiment. Disperse red 15 was the dye, and 13 g/L benzoic acid was used as a carrier in some of the tests. Structural measurements indicated a glass transition temperature reduction of ca. 20°C in the presence of the carrier, with a large corresponding increase in dye diffusivity and migration rate. At long times (7–22 h) however, the diffusivity decreased because of a 4–5% increase in crystallinity. The rates of leveling corresponded to the diffusivities, confirming that leveling for a given dye is controlled by polymer molecular mobility. It was possible to reverse the carrier effect by boiling the fibers in a bath containing no carrier. Pretreatment of the fibers with carrier was ineffective; it was necessary for carriers to be present in the leveling bath. In the absence of carrier, the T g was above the dyeing temperature and diffusion and migration were very slow. Voids formed by the previous presence of carrier, observed by small angle X‐ray scattering, tended to collapse. This resulted in migration behavior similar to fibers not exposed to benzoic acid.