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Energy dissipation in stretching filled rubbers
Author(s) -
Gent A. N.
Publication year - 1974
Publication title -
journal of applied polymer science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.575
H-Index - 166
eISSN - 1097-4628
pISSN - 0021-8995
DOI - 10.1002/app.1974.070180510
Subject(s) - dissipation , materials science , dissipative system , natural rubber , phase (matter) , hysteresis , composite material , carbon black , range (aeronautics) , thermodynamics , mechanics , physics , condensed matter physics , quantum mechanics
Energy expended irreversibly in stretching filled rubbers is calculated for a simple two‐phase series model: a soft phase resembling the corresponding unfilled rubber and a hard phase in series with the soft phase. It is assumed that the rubber is initially wholly in the hard state and that it changes progressively into the softened state on stretching, as proposed by Mullins and Tobin. For a wide range of model parameters, the dissipation of mechanical energy is predicted to rise to about 40% of the input energy at large strains. This predicted behavior is in reasonably good agreement with observations of extra energy dissipation in carbon black‐filled rubbers, in comparison with corresponding unfilled rubbers, suggesting that the proposed mechanism of hysteresis by phase transformation is valid. A method of combining energy losses from two simultaneous dissipative processes is also proposed.