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Hybrid Rhodamine Fluorophores in the Visible/NIR Region for Biological Imaging
Author(s) -
Wang Liulin,
Du Wei,
Hu Zhangjun,
Uvdal Kajsa,
Li Lin,
Huang Wei
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
angewandte chemie international edition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.831
H-Index - 550
eISSN - 1521-3773
pISSN - 1433-7851
DOI - 10.1002/anie.201901061
Subject(s) - bathochromic shift , xanthene , rhodamine , fluorescence , rhodamine b , absorption (acoustics) , chemistry , near infrared spectroscopy , photochemistry , nanotechnology , materials science , optics , physics , organic chemistry , photocatalysis , composite material , catalysis
Abstract Fluorophores and probes are invaluable for the visualization of the location and dynamics of gene expression, protein expression, and molecular interactions in complex living systems. Rhodamine dyes are often used as scaffolds in biological labeling and turn‐on fluorescence imaging. To date, their absorption and emission spectra have been expanded to cover the entire near‐infrared region (650–950 nm), which provides a more suitable optical window for monitoring biomolecular production, trafficking, and localization in real time. This review summarizes the development of rhodamine fluorophores since their discovery and provides strategies for modulating their absorption and emission spectra to generate specific bathochromic‐shifts. We also explain how larger Stokes shifts and dual‐emissions can be obtained from hybrid rhodamine dyes. These hybrid fluorophores can be classified into various categories based on structural features including the alkylation of amidogens, the substitution of the O atom of xanthene, and hybridization with other fluorophores.