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Hollow Carbon Nanobubbles: Synthesis, Chemical Functionalization, and Container‐Type Behavior in Water
Author(s) -
Hofer Corinne J.,
Grass Robert N.,
Zeltner Martin,
Mora Carlos A.,
Krumeich Frank,
Stark Wendelin J.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
angewandte chemie international edition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.831
H-Index - 550
eISSN - 1521-3773
pISSN - 1433-7851
DOI - 10.1002/anie.201602745
Subject(s) - rhodamine b , rhodamine , chemical engineering , materials science , carbon fibers , surface modification , graphene , polymer , hysteresis , nanoparticle , covalent bond , chemical modification , nanotechnology , chemistry , polymer chemistry , composite material , organic chemistry , composite number , fluorescence , physics , photocatalysis , quantum mechanics , engineering , catalysis
Thin‐walled, hollow carbon nanospheres with a hydrophobic interior and good water dispersability can be synthesized in two steps: First, metal nanoparticles, coated with a few layers of graphene‐like carbon, are selectively modified on the outside with a covalently attached hydrophilic polymer. Second, the metal core is removed at elevated temperature treatment with acid, leaving a well‐defined carbon‐based hydrophobic cavity. Loading experiments with the dye rhodamine B and doxorubicin confirmed the filling and release of a cargo and adjustment of a dynamic equilibrium (cargo‐loaded versus release). Rhodamine B preferably accumulates in the interior of the bubbles. Filled nanobubbles allowed constant dye release into pure water. Studies of the concentration‐dependent loading and release show an unusual hysteresis.