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Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones
Author(s) -
Mondal Santanu,
Raja Karuppusamy,
Schweizer Ulrich,
Mugesh Govindasamy
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
angewandte chemie international edition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.831
H-Index - 550
eISSN - 1521-3773
pISSN - 1433-7851
DOI - 10.1002/anie.201601116
Subject(s) - thyroid , hormone , internalization , endocrinology , prohormone , medicine , thyroid hormone receptor , thyroid hormone receptor beta , receptor , chemistry , biosynthesis , hormone receptor , nuclear receptor , thyroid hormones , enzyme , biology , biochemistry , gene , transcription factor , cancer , breast cancer
Thyroid hormones (THs) are secreted by the thyroid gland. They control lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, heart rate, neural development, as well as cardiovascular, renal, and brain functions. The thyroid gland mainly produces l ‐thyroxine (T4) as a prohormone, and 5′‐deiodination of T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases generates the nuclear receptor binding hormone T3. In this Review, we discuss the basic aspects of the chemistry and biology as well as recent advances in the biosynthesis of THs in the thyroid gland, plasma transport, and internalization of THs in their target organs, in addition to the deiodination and various other enzyme‐mediated metabolic pathways of THs. We also discuss thyroid hormone receptors and their mechanism of action to regulate gene expression, as well as various thyroid‐related disorders and the available treatments.