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Poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research
Author(s) -
Halperin Avraham,
Kröger Martin,
Winnik Françoise M.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
angewandte chemie international edition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.831
H-Index - 550
eISSN - 1521-3773
pISSN - 1433-7851
DOI - 10.1002/anie.201506663
Subject(s) - phase diagram , poly(n isopropylacrylamide) , phase (matter) , polymer , materials science , chemical physics , chemistry , organic chemistry , copolymer , composite material
In 1968, Heskins and Guillet published the first systematic study of the phase diagram of poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), at the time a “young polymer” first synthesized in 1956. Since then, PNIPAM became the leading member of the growing families of thermoresponsive polymers and of stimuli‐responsive, “smart” polymers in general. Its thermal response is unanimously attributed to its phase behavior. Yet, in spite of 50 years of research, a coherent quantitative picture remains elusive. In this Review we survey the reported phase diagrams, discuss the differences and comment on theoretical ideas regarding their possible origins. We aim to alert the PNIPAM community to open questions in this reputably mature domain.