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Formation of Thin Films of Organic–Inorganic Perovskites for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells
Author(s) -
Stranks Samuel D.,
Nayak Pabitra K.,
Zhang Wei,
Stergiopoulos Thomas,
Snaith Henry J.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
angewandte chemie international edition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.831
H-Index - 550
eISSN - 1521-3773
pISSN - 1433-7851
DOI - 10.1002/anie.201410214
Subject(s) - perovskite (structure) , halide , photovoltaic system , materials science , thin film , crystallization , energy conversion efficiency , nanotechnology , organic solar cell , chemical engineering , chemistry , inorganic chemistry , optoelectronics , engineering , electrical engineering
Organic–inorganic perovskites are currently one of the hottest topics in photovoltaic (PV) research, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of cells on a laboratory scale already competing with those of established thin‐film PV technologies. Most enhancements have been achieved by improving the quality of the perovskite films, suggesting that the optimization of film formation and crystallization is of paramount importance for further advances. Here, we review the various techniques for film formation and the role of the solvents and precursors in the processes. We address the role chloride ions play in film formation of mixed‐halide perovskites, which is an outstanding question in the field. We highlight the material properties that are essential for high‐efficiency operation of solar cells, and identify how further improved morphologies might be achieved.