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Deactivation of Pd Acetoxylation Catalysts: Direct Observations by XPS Investigations
Author(s) -
Radnik Jörg,
Benhmid Abdulhadi,
Kalevaru Venkata Narayana,
Pohl MargaMartina,
Martin Andreas,
Lücke Bernhard,
Dingerdissen Uwe
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
angewandte chemie international edition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.831
H-Index - 550
eISSN - 1521-3773
pISSN - 1433-7851
DOI - 10.1002/anie.200501650
Subject(s) - toluene , catalysis , x ray photoelectron spectroscopy , coke , selectivity , chemistry , carbon fibers , oxidation state , chemical engineering , nuclear chemistry , organic chemistry , materials science , composite number , engineering , composite material
Addition of Bi prevents deactivation of Pd–Sb catalysts in the acetoxylation of toluene. The presence of Bi hinders the formation of an inactive Pd δ− state and the blockage of the active Pd sites by carbon species from coke deposits (see the photoelectron spectrum). The modified catalyst displays extremely high selectivity for benzyl acetate (≥95 %) at higher toluene conversions.