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Two‐Dimensional Crystallography of Amphiphilic Molecules at the Air–Water Interface
Author(s) -
Jacquemain Didier,
Wolf Sharon Grayer,
Leveiller Franck,
Deutsch Moshe,
Kjaer Kristian,
AlsNielsen Jens,
Lahav Meir,
Leiserowitz Leslie
Publication year - 1992
Publication title -
angewandte chemie international edition in english
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.831
H-Index - 550
eISSN - 1521-3773
pISSN - 0570-0833
DOI - 10.1002/anie.199201301
Subject(s) - monolayer , crystallography , diffraction , specular reflection , molecule , materials science , x ray reflectivity , crystallization , chemistry , x ray crystallography , phase (matter) , chemical physics , optics , nanotechnology , thin film , organic chemistry , physics
The advent of well‐collimated, high‐intensity synchrotron X‐ray sources and the consequent development of surface‐specific X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence techniques have recently revolutionized the study of Langmuir monolayers at the air–liquid interface. These methods allowed for the first time the determination of the in‐plane and vertical structure of such monolayers with a resolution approaching the atomic level. We briefly describe these methods, including grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction, specular reflectivity, Bragg rods, standing waves, and surface fluorescence techniques, and review recent results obtained from them for Langmuir films. The methods have been successfully applied in the elucidation of the structure of crystalline aggregates of amphiphilic molecules such as alcohols, carboxylic acids and their salts, α‐amino acids, and phospholipids at the water surface. In addition, it became possible to monitor by diffraction the growth and dissolution of the crystalline self‐aggregates as well as structural changes occurring by phase transitions. Furthermore, the surface X‐ray methods shed new light on the structure of the underlying ionic layer of attached solvent or solute species. Examples are given where singly or doubly charged ions bound to the two‐dimensional (2D) crystal form either an ordered or diffuse counterionic layer. Finally, the surface diffraction methods provide data on transfer of structural information from 2D clusters to 3D single crystals, which had been successfully accomplished by epitaxial‐like crystallization both in organic and inorganic crystals.