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Pain II: New approaches to management
Author(s) -
Fields Howard L.
Publication year - 1981
Publication title -
annals of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.764
H-Index - 296
eISSN - 1531-8249
pISSN - 0364-5134
DOI - 10.1002/ana.410090202
Subject(s) - medicine , analgesic , anesthesia , stimulation , placebo , opioid , opiate , transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation , acupuncture , pain management , intensive care medicine , alternative medicine , receptor , pathology
There is an intrinsic analgesia system in the brain with both endogenous opioid and biogenic amine links. This system provides a basis for understanding how different therapeutic approaches relieve pain. The present review critically evaluates the analgesic efficacy of the following therapies: placebo administration, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, intrathecal and epidural opiate injection, electrical stimulation of the brain, and psychotropic drugs.