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Increasing Brain Gamma Activity Improves Episodic Memory and Restores Cholinergic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease
Author(s) -
Benussi Alberto,
Cantoni Valentina,
Grassi Mario,
Brechet Lucie,
Michel Christoph M.,
Datta Abhishek,
Thomas Chris,
Gazzina Stefano,
Cotelli Maria Sofia,
Bianchi Marta,
Premi Enrico,
Gadola Yasmine,
Cotelli Maria,
Pengo Marta,
Perrone Federica,
Scolaro Maria,
Archetti Silvana,
Solje Eino,
Padovani Alessandro,
PascualLeone Alvaro,
Borroni Barbara
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
annals of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.764
H-Index - 296
eISSN - 1531-8249
pISSN - 0364-5134
DOI - 10.1002/ana.26411
Subject(s) - transcranial alternating current stimulation , precuneus , cholinergic , episodic memory , neuroscience , psychology , medicine , stimulation , transcranial magnetic stimulation , cognition
Objective This study aimed to assess whether non‐invasive brain stimulation with transcranial alternating current stimulation at gamma‐frequency (γ‐tACS) applied over the precuneus can improve episodic memory and modulate cholinergic transmission by modulating cerebral rhythms in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods In this randomized, double‐blind, sham controlled, crossover study, 60 AD patients underwent a clinical and neurophysiological evaluation including assessment of episodic memory and cholinergic transmission pre and post 60 minutes treatment with γ‐tACS targeting the precuneus or sham tACS. In a subset of 10 patients, EEG analysis and individualized modelling of electric field distribution were carried out. Predictors to γ‐tACS efficacy were evaluated. Results We observed a significant improvement in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (RAVL) test immediate recall ( p < 0.001) and delayed recall scores ( p < 0.001) after γ‐tACS but not after sham tACS. Face‐name associations scores improved with γ‐tACS ( p < 0.001) but not after sham tACS. Short latency afferent inhibition, an indirect measure of cholinergic transmission, increased only after γ‐tACS ( p < 0.001). ApoE genotype and baseline cognitive impairment were the best predictors of response to γ‐tACS. Clinical improvement correlated with the increase in gamma frequencies in posterior regions and with the amount of predicted electric field distribution in the precuneus. Interpretation Precuneus γ‐tACS, able to increase γ‐power activity on the posterior brain regions, showed a significant improvement of episodic memory performances, along with restoration of intracortical excitability measures of cholinergic transmission. Response to γ‐tACS was dependent on genetic factors and disease stage. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:322–334