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Prognostication of long‐term outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage: The FRESH score
Author(s) -
Witsch Jens,
Frey HansPeter,
Patel Sweta,
Park Soojin,
Lahiri Shouri,
Schmidt J. Michael,
Agarwal Sachin,
Falo Maria Cristina,
Velazquez Angela,
Jaja Blessing,
Macdonald R. Loch,
Connolly E. Sander,
Claassen Jan
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
annals of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.764
H-Index - 296
eISSN - 1531-8249
pISSN - 0364-5134
DOI - 10.1002/ana.24675
Subject(s) - subarachnoid hemorrhage , medicine , term (time) , intensive care medicine , pediatrics , quantum mechanics , physics
Objective To create a multidimensional tool to prognosticate long‐term functional, cognitive, and quality of life outcomes after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using data up to 48 hours after admission. Methods Data were prospectively collected for 1,619 consecutive patients enrolled in the SAH outcome project July 1996 to March 2014. Linear models (LMs) were applied to identify factors associated with outcome in 1,526 patients with complete data. Twelve‐month functional, cognitive, and quality of life outcomes were measured using the modified Rankin scale (mRS), Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, and Sickness Impact Profile. Based on the LM residuals, we constructed the FRESH score (Functional Recovery Expected after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage). Score performance, discrimination, and internal validity were tested using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Nagelkerke and Cox/Snell R 2 , and bootstrapping. For external validation, we used a control population of SAH patients from the CONSCIOUS‐1 study (n = 413). Results The FRESH score was composed of Hunt & Hess and APACHE‐II physiologic scores on admission, age, and aneurysmal rebleed within 48 hours. Separate scores to prognosticate 1‐year cognition (FRESH‐cog) and quality of life (FRESH‐quol) were developed controlling for education and premorbid disability. Poor functional outcome (mRS = 4–6) for score levels 1 through 9 respectively was present in 3, 6, 12, 38, 61, 83, 92, 98, and 100% at 1‐year follow‐up. Performance of FRESH (AUC = 0.90), FRESH‐cog (AUC = 0.80), and FRESH‐quol (AUC = 0.78) was high. External validation of our cohort using mRS as endpoint showed satisfactory results (AUC = 0.77). To allow for convenient score calculation, we built a smartphone app available for free download. Interpretation FRESH is the first clinical tool to prognosticate long‐term outcome after spontaneous SAH in a multidimensional manner. Ann Neurol 2016;80:46–58