Premium
Traumatic brain injury in later life increases risk for P arkinson disease
Author(s) -
Gardner Raquel C.,
Burke James F.,
Nettiksimmons Jasmine,
Goldman Sam,
Tanner Caroline M.,
Yaffe Kristine
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
annals of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.764
H-Index - 296
eISSN - 1531-8249
pISSN - 0364-5134
DOI - 10.1002/ana.24396
Subject(s) - traumatic brain injury , medicine , hazard ratio , confidence interval , proportional hazards model , confounding , poison control , emergency department , pediatrics , emergency medicine , psychiatry
Objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is thought to be a risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD), but results are conflicting. Many studies do not account for confounding or reverse causation. We sought to address these concerns by quantifying risk of PD after TBI compared to non‐TBI trauma (NTT; defined as fractures). Methods Using inpatient/emergency department (ED) International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision code data for California hospitals from 2005–2006, we identified patients aged ≥55 years with TBI (n = 52,393) or NTT (n = 113,406) and without baseline PD or dementia who survived hospitalization. Using Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models (adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, comorbidities, health care use, and trauma severity), we estimated risk of PD after TBI during follow‐up ending in 2011. We also assessed interaction with mechanism of injury (fall vs nonfall) and effect of TBI severity (mild vs moderate/severe) and TBI frequency (1 TBI vs >1 TBI). Results TBI patients were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with PD compared to NTT patients (1.7% vs 1.1%, p < 0.001, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31–1.58). Risk of PD was similar for TBI sustained via falls versus nonfalls (interaction p = 0.6). Assessment by TBI severity (mild TBI: HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04–1.48; moderate/severe TBI: HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.35–1.66) and TBI frequency (1 TBI: HR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.30–1.60; >1 TBI: HR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.58–2.21) revealed a dose response. Interpretation Among patients aged ≥55 years presenting to inpatient/ED settings with trauma, TBI is associated with a 44% increased risk of developing PD over 5 to 7 years that is unlikely to be due to confounding or reverse causation. Ann Neurol 2015;77:987–995