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Gut, bugs, and brain: Role of commensal bacteria in the control of central nervous system disease
Author(s) -
OchoaRepáraz Javier,
Mielcarz Daniel W.,
Begum Haque Sakhina,
Kasper Lloyd H.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
annals of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.764
H-Index - 296
eISSN - 1531-8249
pISSN - 0364-5134
DOI - 10.1002/ana.22344
Subject(s) - immune system , experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis , biology , microbiome , multiple sclerosis , context (archaeology) , immunology , central nervous system , gut–brain axis , neuroimmunology , population , gut flora , disease , autoimmune disease , proinflammatory cytokine , neuroscience , inflammation , medicine , bioinformatics , antibody , pathology , paleontology , environmental health
Abstract The mammalian gastrointestinal track harbors a highly heterogeneous population of microbial organisms that are essential for the complete development of the immune system. The gut microbes or “microbiota,” coupled with host genetics, determine the development of both local microbial populations and the immune system to create a complex balance recently termed the “microbiome.” Alterations of the gut microbiome may lead to dysregulation of immune responses both in the gut and in distal effector immune sites such as the central nervous system (CNS). Recent findings in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of human multiple sclerosis, suggest that altering certain bacterial populations present in the gut can lead to a proinflammatory condition that may result in the development of autoimmune diseases, in particular human multiple sclerosis. In contrast, other commensal bacteria and their antigenic products, when presented in the correct context, can protect against inflammation within the CNS. Ann Neurol 2011