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Glutamate receptor antagonists protect from virus‐induced neural degeneration
Author(s) -
NargiAizenman Jennifer L.,
Havert Michael B.,
Zhang Ming,
Irani David N.,
Rothstein Jeffrey D.,
Griffin Diane E.
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
annals of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.764
H-Index - 296
eISSN - 1531-8249
pISSN - 0364-5134
DOI - 10.1002/ana.20033
Subject(s) - glutamate receptor , degeneration (medical) , neuroscience , neuronal degeneration , receptor , virus , virology , medicine , biology , pathology , disease
Neuronal damage during acute viral encephalomyelitis can result directly from virus infection or indirectly from the host immune response to infection. In neurodegenerative diseases and stroke, neuronal death also can result from excess release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, such as glutamate. To determine the role of glutamate excitotoxicity in fatal alphavirus‐induced paralytic encephalomyelitis, we treated mice infected with neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV) with antagonists of N ‐methyl‐ D ‐aspartate (NMDA) and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) subtypes of glutamate receptors. Both apoptotic and necrotic neurons in the hippocampus were decreased in animals treated with MK‐801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, or GYKI‐52466, an AMPA receptor antagonist. However, only AMPA receptor blockade prevented damage to spinal cord motor neurons and protected mice from paralysis and death due to NSV infection. Protection was not caused by altered virus replication because treatment did not affect virus distribution and actually delayed virus clearance. These results provide evidence that NSV infection activates neurotoxic pathways that result in aberrant glutamate receptor stimulation and neuronal damage. Furthermore, AMPA receptor–mediated motor neuron death is an important contributor to paralysis and mortality in acute alphavirus‐induced encephalomyelitis.