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Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer's disease and any dementia: A multi‐generation cohort study in Sweden
Author(s) -
Zhang Le,
Du Rietz Ebba,
KujaHalkola Ralf,
Dobrosavljevic Maja,
Johnell Kristina,
Pedersen Nancy L.,
Larsson Henrik,
Chang Zheng
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
alzheimer's and dementia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.713
H-Index - 118
eISSN - 1552-5279
pISSN - 1552-5260
DOI - 10.1002/alz.12462
Subject(s) - grandparent , dementia , hazard ratio , cohort , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , disease , proportional hazards model , psychiatry , medicine , alzheimer's disease , cohort study , psychology , gerontology , confidence interval , developmental psychology
We examined the extent to which attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder, is linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and any dementia, neurodegenerative diseases, across generations. Methods A nationwide cohort born between 1980 and 2001 (index persons) were linked to their biological relatives (parents, grandparents, uncles/aunts) using Swedish national registers. We used Cox models to examine the cross‐generation associations. Results Among relatives of 2,132,929 index persons, 3042 parents, 171,732 grandparents, and 1369 uncles/aunts had a diagnosis of AD. Parents of individuals with ADHD had an increased risk of AD (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.26–1.89). The associations attenuated but remained elevated in grandparents and uncles/aunts. The association for early‐onset AD was stronger than late‐onset AD. Similar results were observed for any dementia. Discussion ADHD is associated with AD and any dementia across generations. The associations attenuated with decreasing genetic relatedness, suggesting shared familial risk between ADHD and AD.