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Depression and bone loss as risk factors for decline in cognitive function: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Author(s) -
Mehta Kanika,
Thandavan Sathya Priya,
Gupta Veer Bala
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
alzheimer's and dementia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.713
H-Index - 118
eISSN - 1552-5279
pISSN - 1552-5260
DOI - 10.1002/alz.047349
Subject(s) - cinahl , psycinfo , dementia , cognitive decline , medline , cognition , meta analysis , medicine , depression (economics) , population , systematic review , gerontology , clinical psychology , psychology , psychiatry , psychological intervention , disease , environmental health , economics , macroeconomics , political science , law
Abstract Background Several reports have postulated depression and bone loss as risk factors for dementia. However, these studies only focus on incidence of dementia as an outcome and non‐demented individuals who display prospective cognitive decline are often not included. Therefore, the present study investigates whether the presence of depression and/or bone loss among cognitively healthy individuals at baseline is associated with a decline in cognitive function (including presentation of dementia) during follow‐up assessment. Method The search was conducted in four databases; MEDLINE Complete, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL Complete on 28 th November 2019. The search terms comprised 4 search blocks; Population (Adult), Exposure (Depression, Osteoporosis), Outcome (Cognitive decline) and Study design (Longitudinal). Additionally, in order to make the search comprehensive, database‐specific subject headings were incorporated in the search. The restrictions included English language, human studies and peer‐reviewed articles, however, no restriction was imposed on the publication period. Result The search yielded total 27,792 references and after duplicate removal 15,148 references remained. These references were subjected to ‘Title & Abstract screening’ in Covidence, a widely used web‐based platform for conducting systematic reviews. The references were screened by two independent reviewers and 380 selected studies were subjected to a full‐text review. Longitudinal studies including adult participants and with a minimum of 1 year follow‐up period were selected. Studies with cognitive impairment at baseline or studies in which the focus was on specific cognitive domains were excluded. Following the full‐text screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessment was conducted. Conclusion Currently, the statistical analysis is under way. The effect size will be estimated as risk ratios or standardised mean differences for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively, for both depression and bone loss using a random‐effects model.