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Perioperative analgesia for patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery: an evidence‐based review
Author(s) -
Svider Peter F.,
Nguyen Brandon,
Yuhan Brian,
Zuliani Giancarlo,
Eloy Jean Anderson,
Folbe Adam J.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
international forum of allergy and rhinology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.503
H-Index - 46
eISSN - 2042-6984
pISSN - 2042-6976
DOI - 10.1002/alr.22107
Subject(s) - medicine , acetaminophen , perioperative , cochrane library , adverse effect , medline , opioid , anesthesia , gabapentin , analgesic , randomized controlled trial , number needed to harm , intensive care medicine , surgery , relative risk , number needed to treat , alternative medicine , receptor , pathology , political science , law , confidence interval
Background Misuse and diversion of prescription opioids have been critical in facilitating the opioid epidemic. Our objective was to perform a systematic evidence‐based review delineating perioperative regimens (including opioid alternatives) evaluated for endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EmBase databases were evaluated for studies detailing analgesics employed after endoscopic sinus surgery. Studies were assessed for level of evidence. Bias risk was evaluated using the Cochrane Bias tool and GRADE criteria. Medication, administration, adverse effects, pain scores, and rescue analgesic consumption were evaluated. A summary of evidence detailing benefits, harm, and cost was prepared. Results Thirty‐two studies encompassing 1812 patients were included. The GRADE criteria determined the overall evidence to be of moderate quality. Perioperative acetaminophen had few adverse events and reduced immediate need for opioid rescue after sinus surgery; studies evaluating acetaminophen demonstrate a preponderance of benefit over harm. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) also reduce postoperative opioid consumption, although a small portion of patients undergoing sinus surgery harbor the potential for NSAID intolerance. The aggregate level of evidence for studies evaluating NSAIDs was grade A, whereas the aggregate grade of evidence for several other agents was grade B. Conclusion There is evidence supporting the use of NSAIDs and gabapentin for the control of pain after endoscopic sinus surgery. Acetaminophen, α‐agonists, and local anesthetics are also viable options for postoperative analgesia. Familiarity with these data is essential to facilitate the use of opioid alternatives. Further large‐scale, multi‐institutional, randomized trials are needed to provide conclusive recommendations for these perioperative analgesics.