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Nitrogen dioxide pollution exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older U.S. adults
Author(s) -
Adams Dara R.,
Ajmani Gaurav S.,
Pun Vivian C.,
Wroblewski Kristen E.,
Kern David W.,
Schumm L. Philip,
McClintock Martha K.,
Suh Helen H.,
Pinto Jayant M.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
international forum of allergy and rhinology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.503
H-Index - 46
eISSN - 2042-6984
pISSN - 2042-6976
DOI - 10.1002/alr.21829
Subject(s) - medicine , interquartile range , odor , odds ratio , logistic regression , olfactory system , environmental health , psychiatry , psychology , neuroscience
Background Olfactory dysfunction has profound effects on quality of life, physical and social function, and mortality itself. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is a pervasive air pollutant that is associated with respiratory diseases. Given the olfactory nerve's anatomic exposure to airborne pollutants, we investigated the relationship between NO 2 exposure and olfactory dysfunction. Methods The ability to identify odors was evaluated using a validated test in respondents from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a representative probability sample of home‐dwelling, older U.S. adults age 57 to 85 years. Exposure to NO 2 pollution was assessed using measurements obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) ambient monitoring site closest to each respondent's home. We tested the association between NO 2 exposure and olfactory dysfunction using multivariate logistic regression. Results Among older adults in the United States, 22.6% had impaired olfactory function, defined as ≤3 correct (out of 5) on the odor identification test. Median NO 2 exposure during the 365 days prior to the interview date was 14.7 ppb (interquartile range [IQR], 10.8 to 19.7 ppb). An IQR increase in NO 2 exposure was associated with increased odds of olfactory dysfunction (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.72), adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, cognition, comorbidity, smoking, and season of the home interview (n = 1823). Conclusion We show for the first time that NO 2 exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older U.S. adults. These results suggest an important role for NO 2 exposure on olfactory dysfunction, and, potentially, nasal disease more broadly.