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Human adaptation to arsenic in Andean populations of the Atacama Desert
Author(s) -
Apata Mario,
Arriaza Bernado,
Llop Elena,
Moraga Mauricio
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
american journal of physical anthropology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.146
H-Index - 119
eISSN - 1096-8644
pISSN - 0002-9483
DOI - 10.1002/ajpa.23193
Subject(s) - haplotype , genotyping , genotype , arsenic , population , genetics , biology , demography , gene , chemistry , sociology , organic chemistry
Objectives Quebrada Camarones, in the Atacama Desert, has the highest arsenic levels in the Americas (>1,000 µg/L). However, the Camarones people have subsisted in this adverse environment during the last 7,000 years and have not presented any epidemiological emergencies. Therefore, to solve this conundrum we compared the frequencies of four protective genetic variants of the AS3MT gene associated with efficient arsenic metabolization, between the living populations of Camarones and two other populations historically exposed to lower levels of arsenic. Materials and Methods The Chilean selected population samples come from Quebrada Camarones ( n = 50) and the Azapa Valley ( n = 47) in the north and San Juan de la Costa ( n = 45) in southern Chile. The genotyping was conducted using PCR‐RFLP. We compared the genotypic and allelic frequencies, and estimated the haplotype frequencies in the AS3MT gene. Results We found higher frequencies of the protective variants in those people from Camarones than in the other two populations. The haplotype estimation showed that the combination of protective variants of CTTA is very frequent in Camarones (68%) and Azapa (48%), but extremely low in San Juan de la Costa (8%). Also, the C variant associated with toxicity risks in the SNP Met287Thr had a lower frequency in Camarones (1%) and is higher in the other populations. Discussion The higher frequency of protective variants in both northern Chilean populations indicates a long exposure to naturally arsenic‐contaminated water sources. Our data suggest that a high arsenic metabolization capacity has been selected as an adaptive mechanism in these populations in order to survive in an arsenic‐laden environment.