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Phylogenetic analysis of chinese rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) based on mitochondrial control region sequences
Author(s) -
Li Di Yan,
Xu Huai Liang,
Smith David Glenn,
Cheng An Chun,
Trask Jessica Satkoski,
Zhu Qing,
Yao Yong Fang,
Du Dan Dan,
Ni Qing Yong
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
american journal of primatology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.988
H-Index - 81
eISSN - 1098-2345
pISSN - 0275-2565
DOI - 10.1002/ajp.20956
Subject(s) - haplogroup , phylogeography , subspecies , biology , phylogenetic tree , glacial period , haplotype , evolutionary biology , zoology , genetics , genotype , paleontology , gene
Between one and six subspecies of Chinese rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) have been proposed based on morphological differences and/or their geographic distribution. In this study, a 489 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region was amplified from 230 DNA samples collected from rhesus macaques in the Sichuan province in Western China. The fragment was then sequenced and aligned with 208 sequences from wild rhesus macaques, sampled throughout the species' geographic range in China downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the 182 unique sequences identified among these samples divided Chinese rhesus macaques into two western haplogroups (haplogroups A and B) and three older eastern haplogroups (haplogroups C, D, and E), whose differentiation probably occurred during the penultimate glacial event. During the warming after the penultimate glacial event, haplogroups A, B, and E rapidly expanded and a relatively young subhaplogroup of haplogroup E, E', limited to Southern China but shared with Vietnamese rhesus macaques, was reintroduced from Indochina during the last glacial event. One haplotype most closely related to subhaplogroup E' probably represents the isolation of Hainan Island, to where it is restricted, from the mainland by the formation of the Qiongzhou Strait approximately 8,500 years ago. The distribution of haplogroups both informs the phylogeographic history of dispersal of Chinese rhesus macaques and has implications for their suitability as animal models in biomedical research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:883–895, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.