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Executive function in XXY : Comparison of performance‐based measures and rating scales
Author(s) -
Janusz Jennifer,
Harrison Caroline,
Boada Cristina,
Cordeiro Lisa,
Howell Susan,
Tartaglia Nicole,
Boada Richard
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
american journal of medical genetics part c: seminars in medical genetics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.419
H-Index - 101
eISSN - 1552-4876
pISSN - 1552-4868
DOI - 10.1002/ajmg.c.31804
Subject(s) - psychology , rating scale , executive functions , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , working memory , clinical psychology , cognition , developmental psychology , audiology , psychiatry , medicine
Few studies have systematically assessed executive functioning (EF) skills in boys with XXY, and these are limited by small samples and restricted EF assessment. This study used a broader battery of performance‐based measures as well as parent‐rating scales of EF in 77 boys and adolescents with XXY (mean age = 12.5 years), recruited from a clinical trial and an outpatient clinic. Exploratory factor analyses were used to create EF domains from performance‐based measures, and similar domains were measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and Conners Parent‐Rating Scales. The boys with XXY showed a distinct EF profile, with the greatest deficit in attention and more moderate deficits in working memory, switching, and planning/problem solving. Parent ratings showed similar challenges, as well as impaired inhibition. Independent sample t ‐tests showed no difference on performance measures between boys diagnosed or not diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although parents of boys diagnosed with ADHD reported more difficulties. There were no differences on performance‐based tests between those diagnosed pre‐ and postnatally, although parents of postnatally diagnosed boys reported more metacognitive problems. Language deficits, cognition, and socio‐economic status did not account for EF deficits.