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Police officers who responded to 9/11: Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety 10–11 years later
Author(s) -
Bowler Rosemarie M.,
Kornblith Erica S.,
Li Jiehui,
Adams Shane W.,
Gocheva Vihra V.,
Schwarzer Ralf,
Cone James E.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
american journal of industrial medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.7
H-Index - 104
eISSN - 1097-0274
pISSN - 0271-3586
DOI - 10.1002/ajim.22588
Subject(s) - comorbidity , anxiety , depression (economics) , psychiatry , medicine , anxiety disorder , logistic regression , national comorbidity survey , clinical psychology , economics , macroeconomics
Background After the 9/11/2001 World Trade Center (WTC) attack, many police‐responders developed PTSD and might be vulnerable to develop depression and/or anxiety. Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and/or anxiety is examined. Method Police enrollees (N = 1,884) from the WTC Health Registry were categorized into four groups based on comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD were used. Depression (PHQ‐8) and anxiety (GAD‐7) were assessed with standardized psychometric inventories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify putative risk factors associated with comorbidity of PTSD. Results Of 243 (12.9% of total) police with probable PTSD, 21.8% had probable PTSD without comorbidity, 24.7% had depression, 5.8% had anxiety, and 47.7% had comorbid depression and anxiety. Risk factors for comorbid PTSD, depression, and anxiety include being Hispanic, decrease in income, experiencing physical injury on 9/11, experiencing stressful/traumatic events since 9/11, and being unemployed/retired. Conclusion Nearly half of police with probable PTSD had comorbid depression and anxiety. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:425–436, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.